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A marriage bar is the custom and practice of restricting the employment of married women in general or in particular professions or occupations; and sometimes the practice called for the termination of employment of a woman on her marriage, especially in teaching, clerical and other occupations, and sometimes widowed women with children were still considered to be married preventing them from being hired. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=JSTOR )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC - Standard Grade Bitesize History - Women and work : Revision, Page 3 )〕 The practice never had an economic justification, and its rigid application could be disruptive to workplaces. It was justified during depression years as a social policy to find jobs for more family units, but the policy persisted beyond such economic times. The practice was common in some Western countries from the late 19th century to the 1970s. Marriage bars created a disincentive for women to marry, at least until they were ready to give up work, and some women, including Ruby Payne-Scott, kept their marriage secret to keep their jobs. Marriage bars did not affect employment in lower paid jobs, and therefore lowered incentives for women to acquire education. Marriage bars were widely relaxed in wartime. Since the 1960s, the practice has been regarded as employment inequality and sexual discrimination, and has been either discontinued or outlawed by anti-discrimination laws which may also deal with discrimination based on marital status. In the Netherlands, the marriage bar was removed in 1957,〔''The Economics of Imperfect Labor Markets: Second Edition'', by Tito Boeri, Jan van Ours, pp. 105〕〔(Dutch gender and LGBT-equality policy, 2013-16 )〕〔(2015 Review BPFA Report of the Netherlands Government )〕 and in Ireland it was removed in 1973.〔(Women of Ireland: Change Toward Social and Political Equality in the 21st Century Irish Republic ) by Rachel A. Patterson〕 ==Types== Generally, marriage bars can be classified as the “hire bar” preventing the hiring of married women, and the “retain bar” preventing the retention of married workers. Marriage bars also meant that often female employees were classified as supplementary staff, rather than permanent. This was the case, for example, at Lloyds Bank until 1949, when the bank abolished its marriage bar.〔http://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/our-group/our-heritage/timeline/1901-1950/〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marriage bar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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